macOS — 苹果电脑系统 | Hardware · OS · Finder

What is macOS? — macOS 是什么？

🇨🇳 中文

macOS（读作"mac-O-S"）是苹果公司为它的电脑（MacBook、iMac、Mac mini、Mac Studio）设计的操作系统（operating system）。它管理着电脑里的一切：硬件、软件、文件、网络、屏幕上你看到的每一个图标。

和 Windows 是两兄弟 — 同样的目的，但风格、命令、做事方法都不一样。学一个，另一个就好上手。

🇬🇧 English

macOS (say "mac-oh-ess") is the operating system that Apple builds for its computers — MacBook, iMac, Mac mini, and Mac Studio. It manages everything inside the machine: hardware, software, files, network, and every icon you see on the screen.

It's a sibling of Windows — same job, different style, different commands, different way of doing things. Learn one, and the other becomes easier.

🍎 macOS

Made by Apple, for Apple computers / 苹果造，只在苹果电脑上跑
Built on Unix / 底层是 Unix（和 Linux 是亲戚）
Stable, secure, popular for design & development / 稳定、安全，设计师和程序员爱用
Apps end in .app / 程序的扩展名是 .app

🪟 Windows

Made by Microsoft, runs on most PCs / 微软造，多数 PC 都能跑
Built on the Windows NT kernel / 底层是 Windows NT 内核
Most common in offices and gaming / 办公和游戏最常见
Apps end in .exe / 程序的扩展名是 .exe

1. Hardware — 硬件 (Click the dots / 点蓝点)

🇨🇳 中文

硬件就是你能摸到的部分 — chips、屏幕、键盘、电池。点击下面图上的蓝点，看每一部分的介绍。

🇬🇧 English

Hardware is the part you can touch — chips, screen, keyboard, battery. Click the blue dots on the diagram below to learn about each part.

🍎FinderFileEditView🔋 100%

📄

📁

🔍

🌐

📧

🎵

📷

👆 Click a blue dot above / 点上面的蓝点

Tap on any number to see what it is. / 点数字看说明。

🧠 CPU / Processor

中央处理器（大脑）

The brain that does calculations. Apple Silicon (M1, M2, M3, M4) chips combine CPU + GPU + RAM on one piece of silicon. Very fast, very efficient.
苹果自家芯片把 CPU、GPU、内存放在同一块硅片上 — 又快又省电。

🎨 GPU

图形处理器

The graphics chip — draws every pixel, runs games, edits videos.
负责画屏幕上的每个像素 — 玩游戏、剪视频靠它。

💭 RAM / Memory

内存（短期记忆）

Short-term memory. Holds the apps you have open right now. 8 GB minimum, 16 GB comfortable.
短期记忆 — 装现在打开的程序。建议至少 16 GB。

💾 SSD / Storage

固态硬盘（长期记忆）

Long-term memory. Holds files, photos, apps even when off. 256 GB to 8 TB.
长期记忆 — 关机也不会丢。

🔌 Ports

接口（USB-C / Thunderbolt）

USB-C / Thunderbolt for charging, monitors, drives. Plus headphone jack and MagSafe on some models.
充电、外接屏幕、硬盘都用 USB-C。

📹 Camera

摄像头（FaceTime HD）

Built into the top of the screen for video calls.
视频通话用，在屏幕上方。

2. The Operating System — 系统的五层 (Click each layer / 点每层)

🇨🇳 中文

软件不是一整块 — 它分层。每层只管自己的事，互相用接口（API）说话。点击每一层看更多。

🇬🇧 English

Software is not one big blob — it's made of layers. Each layer does its own job and talks to the others through interfaces (APIs). Click each layer to learn more.

1
Hardware — 硬件
CPU, GPU, RAM, SSD, screen / 芯片、内存、硬盘、屏幕
2
Kernel (Darwin) — 内核（基于 Unix）
Manages memory, processes, hardware drivers / 管内存、进程、硬件驱动
3
System Frameworks — 系统框架
Cocoa, Metal, Core APIs / 苹果给程序员用的工具箱
4
User Interface (Aqua) — 用户界面
Windows, Dock, menus, animations / 窗口、Dock、菜单、动画
5
Applications — 应用程序
Safari, Mail, Notes, Xcode, your apps / Safari、邮件、备忘录、Xcode 等

👆 Click a layer above / 点上面的某一层

🌟 Fun Facts — 有意思的事

macOS started life as NeXTSTEP in 1989. Apple bought NeXT in 1996 and Steve Jobs came back. / macOS 的祖先是 1989 年的 NeXTSTEP。1996 年苹果收购 NeXT，乔布斯回归。
The latest version is macOS 15 Sequoia. Each version is named after a place in California. / 最新版叫 Sequoia (15)。每一版都用加州的地方命名。
Because macOS is built on Unix, almost every Linux command works in the Terminal. / macOS 基于 Unix，所以 Linux 命令在终端里也能用。

3. The Dock — 程序坞 (Hover the icons / 鼠标移上去)

🇨🇳 中文

Dock 是屏幕底部那条常用程序栏。点一下打开程序，长按右键能看更多选项。把鼠标移到下面试试 — 它会跳出来。

🇬🇧 English

The Dock is the bar of favorite apps at the bottom of your screen. Click an icon to launch it, right-click for more options. Hover over the dock below — the icons jump up.

🔍

🧭

📧

📝

🎵

🧮

🗑️

👆 Click a Dock icon to learn what it does. / 点 Dock 里的图标看说明。

4. Finder — 访达（文件管理器）

🇨🇳 中文

Finder 就是 macOS 里的file manager，相当于 Windows 的文件资源管理器。它管所有的文件 — 桌面、下载、文档、应用程序。屏幕上方的blue smiley face就是它。

试试下面的 Finder！ 点左边的文件夹切换。

🇬🇧 English

Finder is macOS's file manager — like File Explorer on Windows. It manages every file: Desktop, Downloads, Documents, Applications. The smiling blue face icon at the top is its logo.

Try the Finder below! Click folders on the left to switch.

📁 Documents

~/Documents

Desktop

桌面

Where icons sit when you turn on the Mac.
开机后看到的那个屏幕。

Home Folder ~

主目录

Your personal folder. The ~ symbol means "Home" in the terminal.
你自己的文件夹。终端里 ~ 就是它。

📁 Folder

文件夹

A container for files. Right-click the desktop → New Folder.
装文件的盒子。桌面上右键 → 新建文件夹。

📄 File

文件

A document: photo, song, text, video. Has a name and an extension (.jpg, .mp3, .txt).
一个文档 — 照片、歌、文字、视频。有名字和扩展名。

5. App Store · Spotlight · Mission Control

🇨🇳 中文

除了 Finder，macOS 还有几个必学的功能：

🇬🇧 English

Besides Finder, macOS has a few more must-know tools:

🅰️ App Store

应用商店（官方）

Apple's official store. Every app is checked for safety. Free + paid apps. Click the icon in the Dock or search "App Store" in Spotlight.
苹果官方商店 — 每个程序都查过，安全。免费和付费都有。

🔦 Spotlight ⌘ Space

聚焦搜索

The fastest way to open anything. Press ⌘ + Space and start typing — apps, files, definitions, math, anything.
最快的打开方式。按 ⌘+空格，开始打字 — 程序、文件、计算都能搜。

🪟 Mission Control F3

调度中心

Shows every open window at once. Swipe up with three fingers on the trackpad, or press F3.
看见所有打开的窗口。三指上滑或按 F3。

⚙️ System Settings

系统设置

Wallpaper, Wi-Fi, sound, accessibility, privacy. Used to be called "System Preferences".
壁纸、Wi-Fi、声音、辅助功能、隐私 — 都在这里。

📓 Notes

备忘录

Free note-taking app — text, images, checklists. Syncs to iPhone via iCloud.
免费记笔记的程序，自动同步到 iPhone。

📷 Screenshot ⌘ ⇧ 4

屏幕截图

⌘+⇧+4 = drag to capture. ⌘+⇧+3 = full screen.
⌘+⇧+4 框选截图，⌘+⇧+3 全屏截图。

6. Keyboard Shortcuts — 键盘快捷键 (Click to hear / 点听发音)

🇨🇳 中文

专业用户和新手最大的区别就是 — 用快捷键。Mac 用 ⌘ Command 键代替 Windows 的 Ctrl。点下面卡片听英文怎么说。

🇬🇧 English

The biggest difference between a beginner and a pro is shortcuts. On Mac, the ⌘ Command key takes the place of Windows's Ctrl. Click any card to hear it spoken.

⌘+C

Copy 复制

⌘+V

Paste 粘贴

⌘+X

Cut 剪切

⌘+Z

Undo 撤销

⌘+⇧+Z

Redo 重做

⌘+S

Save 保存

⌘+Tab

Switch app 切换程序

⌘+Q

Quit app 退出程序

⌘+W

Close window 关闭窗口

⌘+Space

Spotlight search 聚焦搜索

⌘+⇧+4

Screenshot area 框选截图

⌘+,

App settings 程序设置

💡 Mac Symbol Decoder — Mac 符号速查

⌘ = Command （命令） · ⌥ = Option（选项 = Windows 的 Alt） · ⌃ = Control · ⇧ = Shift · ⏎ = Return（回车） · ⎋ = Esc · ⌫ = Delete

7. Terminal — 终端 (Real Practice / 真的可以打)

🇨🇳 中文

终端（Terminal）是程序员的魔法棒 🪄。它让你不用鼠标，只用命令就能控制电脑。开始可能怕怕的 — 黑底白字像电影里的黑客 — 但它非常强大。

macOS 自带终端 — Spotlight 搜 "Terminal" 就能打开。下面是个真的可以用的模拟终端，试试看！

🇬🇧 English

The Terminal is a programmer's magic wand 🪄. It lets you control the computer using commands instead of a mouse. It can look scary at first — black background, white text, very "hacker movie" — but it's incredibly powerful.

macOS comes with Terminal built in — search "Terminal" in Spotlight to open it. Below is a working terminal simulator you can practice with right now!

student@mac — -zsh — 80×24

Last login: Mon May 03 14:23:01 on console

Welcome to Terminal! Type help for a list of commands. / 输入 help 看可用命令

pwd

显示当前位置

Print Working Directory — shows where you are.
显示你现在在哪个文件夹。

ls

列出文件

List — shows files in current folder. Try ls -la for details.
列出文件夹里的东西。ls -la 看详情。

cd

切换文件夹

Change Directory. cd .. = up one level. cd ~ = home.
切换文件夹。cd .. 回上一层，cd ~ 回主目录。

mkdir

新建文件夹

Make Directory. mkdir my-project creates a folder.
新建文件夹。

touch

新建空文件

Creates an empty file. touch hello.txt.
新建一个空文件。

rm / rm -rf

删除（小心）

Remove. rm deletes a file. rm -rf deletes folders too — cannot be undone!
删除。rm -rf 删整个文件夹 — 没回收站，删了就没了！

cp / mv

复制 / 移动

Copy and Move. cp a.txt b.txt. mv a.txt ~/Desktop/.
复制和移动。

cat

显示文件内容

Print the contents of a text file to the screen.
显示文本文件的内容。

8. Installing Software via Command Line — 用命令行装软件

🇨🇳 中文

程序员装东西最快的方法是用包管理器（package manager）— 一行命令就装好。

Mac 上最流行的叫 Homebrew（家酿啤酒 🍺）。它是免费、开源的，由志愿者维护。

🇬🇧 English

The fastest way for developers to install things is with a package manager — one command and it's done.

The most popular one on Mac is Homebrew 🍺. It's free, open source, and maintained by volunteers around the world.

Step 1: Install Homebrew — 安装 Homebrew

Open Terminal and paste this single line:
打开终端，粘贴这一行命令：

/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"

⚠️ What this does — 这一行做了什么

中文： curl 从 GitHub 下载安装脚本，bash 运行它。它会自己装好所有需要的东西。只装一次，以后用 brew 命令就行。

English: curl downloads the install script from GitHub, bash runs it. Brew installs everything it needs automatically. Install once, then use brew commands forever.

Step 2: Common `brew` Commands — 常用 brew 命令

brew install python

装 Python

Installs Python (or any other tool).
装 Python（或别的工具）。

brew install --cask vscode

装一个图形程序

--cask = a normal Mac app like VS Code, Chrome, Slack.
--cask 装图形界面程序，比如 VS Code、Chrome。

brew search node

搜软件

Search Brew's library for a tool.
搜 Brew 库里有没有这个软件。

brew list

看装了什么

List everything Brew has installed.
看你已经装了哪些。

brew update

更新 brew 自己

Update brew's own list of available packages.
更新 brew 的软件清单。

brew upgrade

更新所有装过的

Upgrade every package you've installed to the latest version.
把你装过的所有软件升级。

brew uninstall git

卸载

Remove a package.
卸载某个软件。

brew doctor

检查问题

Check if anything is broken with your Brew setup.
检查 brew 的状态有没有问题。

Step 3: A Real Setup — 一个真实的开发环境

Here's what a high schooler learning to code might install on Day 1:
下面是高中生第一天学编程可能会装的：

# Install programming tools / 装编程工具
brew install python
brew install node
brew install git

# Install GUI apps / 装图形程序
brew install --cask visual-studio-code
brew install --cask google-chrome
brew install --cask iterm2

# Verify installs / 检查装好了没
python3 --version
node --version
git --version

The Power of One Line — 一行命令的力量

Once you learn brew, you'll never download installers again. One command. Done.

学会 brew 之后，你就再也不用一个一个下载安装包了。一行命令，搞定。

9. Quick Quiz — 小测验

0 / 6 correct

1. macOS is built on which kind of system?

macOS 是基于什么系统？

DOS

Unix (Darwin kernel)

Windows NT

Android

✅ macOS is built on the Darwin kernel, which is based on Unix/BSD. That's why Linux commands work in Terminal. / macOS 基于 Unix 的 Darwin 内核，所以 Linux 命令也能用。

2. What does the ls command do?

ls 命令做什么？

Logs you out

Locks the screen

Lists files in the current folder

Loads a system update

✅ ls = "list" — it shows files in the current folder. / ls 显示当前文件夹里有什么。

3. Which key on a Mac is the equivalent of Windows's "Ctrl"?

Mac 上和 Windows 的 Ctrl 一样作用的键是哪个？

Option (⌥)

Shift (⇧)

Command (⌘)

Caps Lock

✅ The Command (⌘) key plays the role of Ctrl. ⌘+C, ⌘+V, ⌘+S all work like on Windows. / Command (⌘) 键 = Windows 的 Ctrl 键。

4. Which app is macOS's file manager?

哪个是 macOS 的文件管理器？

Safari

Finder

Spotlight

Mission Control

✅ Finder manages all files and folders. The smiling blue face icon. / Finder 是文件管理器 — 那个蓝色笑脸。

5. What does brew install python do?

brew install python 做什么？

Brews a cup of coffee

Installs the Python programming language

Removes Python from your Mac

Opens a Python tutorial website

✅ Homebrew (brew) is a package manager. brew install python downloads and installs Python in one step. / brew 是包管理器，一行命令装好 Python。

6. Why must you be careful with rm -rf?

为什么 rm -rf 要小心用？

It uses too much battery

It needs an internet connection

It deletes files permanently — no Trash, no undo

It only works after midnight

✅ rm -rf deletes folders and everything inside permanently. There's no Trash — once gone, it's gone. / rm -rf 直接删除，没回收站、没办法撤销。

You did it! — 你做到了！

You now know macOS hardware, OS layers, the apps, the Dock, the Finder, the Terminal, and how to install software like a developer.

现在你已经懂了 macOS 的硬件、系统层次、常用程序、Dock、Finder、终端，还会用命令行装软件 — 真正像程序员一样。

What is macOS? — macOS 是什么？

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

🍎 macOS

🪟 Windows

1. Hardware — 硬件 (Click the dots / 点蓝点)

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

2. The Operating System — 系统的五层 (Click each layer / 点每层)

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

🌟 Fun Facts — 有意思的事

3. The Dock — 程序坞 (Hover the icons / 鼠标移上去)

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

4. Finder — 访达（文件管理器）

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

5. App Store · Spotlight · Mission Control

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

6. Keyboard Shortcuts — 键盘快捷键 (Click to hear / 点听发音)

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

💡 Mac Symbol Decoder — Mac 符号速查

7. Terminal — 终端 (Real Practice / 真的可以打)

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

8. Installing Software via Command Line — 用命令行装软件

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

Step 1: Install Homebrew — 安装 Homebrew

⚠️ What this does — 这一行做了什么

Step 2: Common brew Commands — 常用 brew 命令

Step 3: A Real Setup — 一个真实的开发环境

The Power of One Line — 一行命令的力量

9. Quick Quiz — 小测验

You did it! — 你做到了！

Step 2: Common `brew` Commands — 常用 brew 命令