macOS — 苹果电脑系统 | Hardware · OS · Finder

What is macOS? — macOS 是什么？

🇨🇳 中文

macOS（读作"mac-O-S"）是苹果公司为它的电脑（MacBook、iMac、Mac mini、Mac Studio）设计的操作系统（operating system）。它管理着电脑里的一切：硬件、软件、文件、网络、屏幕上你看到的每一个图标。

和 Windows 是两兄弟 — 同样的目的，但风格、命令、做事方法都不一样。学一个，另一个就好上手。

🇬🇧 English

macOS (say "mac-oh-ess") is the operating system that Apple builds for its computers — MacBook, iMac, Mac mini, and Mac Studio. It manages everything inside the machine: hardware, software, files, network, and every icon you see on the screen.

It's a sibling of Windows — same job, different style, different commands, different way of doing things. Learn one, and the other becomes easier.

🍎 macOS

Made by Apple, for Apple computers / 苹果造，只在苹果电脑上跑
Built on Unix / 底层是 Unix（和 Linux 是亲戚）
Stable, secure, popular for design & development / 稳定、安全，设计师和程序员爱用
Apps end in .app / 程序的扩展名是 .app

🪟 Windows

Made by Microsoft, runs on most PCs / 微软造，多数 PC 都能跑
Built on the Windows NT kernel / 底层是 Windows NT 内核
Most common in offices and gaming / 办公和游戏最常见
Apps end in .exe / 程序的扩展名是 .exe

1. Hardware — 硬件 (Click the dots / 点蓝点)

🇨🇳 中文

硬件就是你能摸到的部分 — chips、屏幕、键盘、电池。点击下面图上的蓝点，看每一部分的介绍。

🇬🇧 English

Hardware is the part you can touch — chips, screen, keyboard, battery. Click the blue dots on the diagram below to learn about each part.

🍎FinderFileEditView🔋 100%

📄

📁

🔍

🌐

📧

🎵

📷

👆 Click a blue dot above / 点上面的蓝点

Tap on any number to see what it is. / 点数字看说明。

🧠 CPU / Processor

中央处理器（大脑）

The brain that does calculations. Apple Silicon (M1, M2, M3, M4) chips combine CPU + GPU + RAM on one piece of silicon. Very fast, very efficient.
苹果自家芯片把 CPU、GPU、内存放在同一块硅片上 — 又快又省电。

🎨 GPU

图形处理器

The graphics chip — draws every pixel, runs games, edits videos.
负责画屏幕上的每个像素 — 玩游戏、剪视频靠它。

💭 RAM / Memory

内存（短期记忆）

Short-term memory. Holds the apps you have open right now. 8 GB minimum, 16 GB comfortable.
短期记忆 — 装现在打开的程序。建议至少 16 GB。

💾 SSD / Storage

固态硬盘（长期记忆）

Long-term memory. Holds files, photos, apps even when off. 256 GB to 8 TB.
长期记忆 — 关机也不会丢。

🔌 Ports

接口（USB-C / Thunderbolt）

USB-C / Thunderbolt for charging, monitors, drives. Plus headphone jack and MagSafe on some models.
充电、外接屏幕、硬盘都用 USB-C。

📹 Camera

摄像头（FaceTime HD）

Built into the top of the screen for video calls.
视频通话用，在屏幕上方。

2. The Operating System — 系统的五层 (Click each layer / 点每层)

🇨🇳 中文

软件不是一整块 — 它分层。每层只管自己的事，互相用接口（API）说话。点击每一层看更多。

🇬🇧 English

Software is not one big blob — it's made of layers. Each layer does its own job and talks to the others through interfaces (APIs). Click each layer to learn more.

1
Hardware — 硬件
CPU, GPU, RAM, SSD, screen / 芯片、内存、硬盘、屏幕
2
Kernel (Darwin) — 内核（基于 Unix）
Manages memory, processes, hardware drivers / 管内存、进程、硬件驱动
3
System Frameworks — 系统框架
Cocoa, Metal, Core APIs / 苹果给程序员用的工具箱
4
User Interface (Aqua) — 用户界面
Windows, Dock, menus, animations / 窗口、Dock、菜单、动画
5
Applications — 应用程序
Safari, Mail, Notes, Xcode, your apps / Safari、邮件、备忘录、Xcode 等

👆 Click a layer above / 点上面的某一层

🌟 Fun Facts — 有意思的事

macOS started life as NeXTSTEP in 1989. Apple bought NeXT in 1996 and Steve Jobs came back. / macOS 的祖先是 1989 年的 NeXTSTEP。1996 年苹果收购 NeXT，乔布斯回归。
The latest version is macOS 15 Sequoia. Each version is named after a place in California. / 最新版叫 Sequoia (15)。每一版都用加州的地方命名。
Because macOS is built on Unix, almost every Linux command works in the Terminal. / macOS 基于 Unix，所以 Linux 命令在终端里也能用。

3. The Dock — 程序坞 (Hover the icons / 鼠标移上去)

🇨🇳 中文

Dock 是屏幕底部那条常用程序栏。点一下打开程序，长按右键能看更多选项。把鼠标移到下面试试 — 它会跳出来。

🇬🇧 English

The Dock is the bar of favorite apps at the bottom of your screen. Click an icon to launch it, right-click for more options. Hover over the dock below — the icons jump up.

🔍

🧭

📧

📝

🎵

🧮

🗑️

👆 Click a Dock icon to learn what it does. / 点 Dock 里的图标看说明。

4. Finder — 访达（文件管理器）

🇨🇳 中文

Finder 就是 macOS 里的file manager，相当于 Windows 的文件资源管理器。它管所有的文件 — 桌面、下载、文档、应用程序。屏幕上方的blue smiley face就是它。

试试下面的 Finder！ 点左边的文件夹切换。

🇬🇧 English

Finder is macOS's file manager — like File Explorer on Windows. It manages every file: Desktop, Downloads, Documents, Applications. The smiling blue face icon at the top is its logo.

Try the Finder below! Click folders on the left to switch.

📁 Documents

~/Documents

Desktop

桌面

Where icons sit when you turn on the Mac.
开机后看到的那个屏幕。

Home Folder ~

主目录

Your personal folder. The ~ symbol means "Home" in the terminal.
你自己的文件夹。终端里 ~ 就是它。

📁 Folder

文件夹

A container for files. Right-click the desktop → New Folder.
装文件的盒子。桌面上右键 → 新建文件夹。

📄 File

文件

A document: photo, song, text, video. Has a name and an extension (.jpg, .mp3, .txt).
一个文档 — 照片、歌、文字、视频。有名字和扩展名。

5. Create & Find Files — 新建和查找文件

🇨🇳 中文

文件都存在硬盘（SSD）里。新建文件有两条路：在 Finder 里直接建，或在程序里（比如 TextEdit）写完再保存。要找回它们，用 Spotlight（最快）或 Finder 搜索。

下面分新建和查找两部分 — 每张卡都给具体快捷键。

🇬🇧 English

Every file lives on your hard drive (the SSD). You make new files two ways — directly in Finder, or inside an app like TextEdit, then save. You find them again with Spotlight (fastest) or Finder Search.

Two parts below — Create and Find — each card has the exact keystrokes.

🆕 Create — 新建

📁 New Folder ⌘⇧N

新建文件夹

In Finder, open the folder you want it inside, then press ⌘+⇧+N. Or right-click empty space → New Folder. Type a name, press Return.
在 Finder 里打开目标位置，按 ⌘+⇧+N；或在空白处右键 → 新建文件夹。输入名字，回车。

📝 New File via TextEdit

用 TextEdit 新建文件

The simplest "create a file" app. Open TextEdit (Spotlight → "TextEdit"). Type something. Press ⌘+S. Pick a folder, give it a name, click Save.
最简单的「新建文件」程序。Spotlight 搜 TextEdit 打开，写点东西，⌘+S，选位置、起名字、保存。

💾 Save ⌘S / Save As ⌘⇧S

保存 / 另存为

⌘+S saves over the current file. ⌘+⇧+S saves a copy with a new name or in a new place.
⌘+S 覆盖保存；⌘+⇧+S 另存一份（新名字或新位置）。

🖱️ Right-Click → New

右键 → 新建

On the Desktop or any Finder window's empty space, two-finger click (or Control-click) → New Folder. Fast way to make a folder right where you're looking.
桌面或 Finder 窗口空白处，两指点击（或按住 Control 点击）→ 新建文件夹。

⌨️ touch / mkdir

在终端里新建

In Terminal: mkdir my-project makes a folder, touch hello.txt makes an empty file. Both land in your current folder — use pwd first to check where you are.
终端里 mkdir my-project 建文件夹，touch hello.txt 建空文件。先用 pwd 看你在哪。

⤓ Drag & Drop

拖拽

Drag a file from a webpage, email, screenshot, or another folder into Finder. It saves wherever you drop it.
从网页、邮件、截图或别的文件夹拖文件到 Finder — 放到哪儿就存到哪儿。

📸 Screenshot ⌘⇧3 / ⌘⇧4 / ⌘⇧5

截图就是新建文件

⌘+⇧+3 captures the whole screen, ⌘+⇧+4 lets you drag a region, ⌘+⇧+5 opens the screenshot toolbar (with screen recording too). All save a PNG to the Desktop named Screenshot 2026-05-16 at 14.30.15.png. To copy to clipboard without creating a file, add ⌃: ⌃+⌘+⇧+4.
⌘+⇧+3 截整个屏幕，⌘+⇧+4 框选区域，⌘+⇧+5 打开截图工具条（还能录屏）。三个都默认保存 PNG 到桌面，文件名是「Screenshot 2026-05-16 at 14.30.15.png」。想直接复制到剪贴板不存文件就加 ⌃ 键：⌃+⌘+⇧+4。

🖨️ Print to PDF ⌘P → PDF ▾

任何东西打印成 PDF

In any app press ⌘+P. The print dialog has a PDF ▾ dropdown in the bottom-left → Save as PDF. Works for webpages in Safari, emails, Word docs, photos — anything printable becomes a PDF file. This is the macOS way to "save webpage as PDF" with no extension or third-party tool.
任何程序按 ⌘+P 调出打印对话框 — 左下角有个「PDF ▾」下拉，选「存储为 PDF」。Safari 网页、邮件、Word、照片，凡是能打印的都能转成 PDF。Mac 自带的「网页存 PDF」功能，不用装任何插件。

📂 Save Dialog Tricks ▾ ⌘⇧G

保存对话框的隐藏功能

The compact Save sheet has a tiny ▾ arrow next to the filename — click to expand into a full folder browser with sidebar. Inside any Save dialog: ⌘+⇧+G lets you type a path directly (e.g., ~/Documents/projects/); you can drag a folder from Finder into the sheet to jump there; and the Tags field tags the file at save time, no separate step.
保存对话框文件名旁有个小▾箭头 — 点开变成完整的文件夹浏览器。保存框里能按 ⌘+⇧+G 直接输入路径（如 ~/Documents/projects/），从 Finder 拖个文件夹进来直接跳过去，「标签」一栏存文件时就能加颜色标签 — 一步到位。

📑 Stationery Pad

把一个文件设成模板

Make a clean letterhead, invoice, or starter project file. Select it → ⌘+I → check Stationery pad. Now every double-click opens a copy, never the original. The Mac's built-in template system since 1991 — no third-party app needed.
做一份干净的信纸/发票/项目骨架，选中 → ⌘+I → 勾「模板」（Stationery pad）。以后双击它，永远打开一份副本，原文件碰不到。Mac 从 1991 年就内置的模板系统，不用装任何软件。

📍 Where do new files land? — 新文件默认存到哪？

~/Desktop — saved to the Desktop. Easy to find, gets cluttered fast. / 桌面 — 好找但容易乱。
~/Downloads — Safari, Mail attachments, most browsers drop files here automatically. / 下载 — Safari 和邮件附件默认存这里。
~/Documents — standard home for your work (essays, projects, code). / 文档 — 学习和工作文件的标准位置。
~/Pictures, ~/Music, ~/Movies — Photos, Music, iMovie write here automatically. / 图片、音乐、影片 — 对应程序自动存这里。

The ~ symbol is shorthand for your Home folder, which is /Users/yourname/. / ~ 是你主目录的简写，等于 /Users/你的用户名/。

📦 Manage — 整理（移动·复制·改名·删除）

🇨🇳 中文

文件建好以后，日常做的事其实就是移动、复制、改名、删除、预览。Mac 这几个动作和 Windows 有几处很关键的不同 — 比如文件没有 ⌘X 剪切，回车是改名不是打开 — 不弄清楚很容易踩坑。

🇬🇧 English

Once files exist, day-to-day work is moving, copying, renaming, deleting, previewing. macOS does several of these differently from Windows — there's no ⌘X for files, Return renames instead of opens — so it pays to learn the Mac way once.

🖐️ Drag to Move

拖动 = 移动 / 复制

Drag a file inside Finder. Same disk = it moves. Different disk (e.g., to a USB drive) = it copies. Hold ⌘ while dragging to force a move; hold ⌥ to force a copy — you'll see a green + on the cursor.
Finder 里拖文件 — 同一个硬盘是「移动」，不同硬盘（比如拖到 U 盘）是「复制」。按住 ⌘ 强制移动，按住 ⌥ 强制复制（光标上会出现绿色 +）。

📋 Copy / Paste / Move ⌘C ⌘V ⌘⌥V

复制·粘贴·移动（注意没有 ⌘X！）

⌘+C copies, ⌘+V pastes a copy. macOS has no ⌘+X for files — instead, copy with ⌘+C, then at the destination press ⌘+⌥+V ("Move Item Here").
⌘+C 复制，⌘+V 粘贴。但 Mac 文件没有 ⌘+X 剪切！要「移动」就先 ⌘+C 复制，到目标位置按 ⌘+⌥+V — 等于剪切+粘贴。

✏️ Rename ↩ Return

改名（按回车，不是打开！）

Click a file once to select it, press ↩ to edit the name. This is the biggest Windows-vs-Mac flip: on Windows Return = open, on Mac Return = rename. To open, double-click or press ⌘+O.
选中文件按「回车」就能改名 — 这是 Mac 和 Windows 最大的差别：Windows 回车 = 打开文件，Mac 回车 = 改名。要打开请双击或按 ⌘+O。

🧬 Duplicate ⌘D

原地复制副本

Select a file, press ⌘+D. Creates filename copy.ext right next to the original — perfect for "let me try editing this, but keep a safe original."
选中文件按 ⌘+D — 在原位置生成「filename copy.ext」副本。改文件前先复制一份保底，最安全。

🗑️ Move to Trash ⌘⌫

删除：放进废纸篓 / 直接删

⌘+⌫ sends to Trash — recoverable. ⌘+⇧+⌫ empties Trash. ⌘+⌥+⌫ deletes immediately — no Trash, gone. Trash items older than 30 days auto-delete if you enabled it in Finder → Settings → Advanced.
⌘+⌫ 放进废纸篓（可恢复）；⌘+⇧+⌫ 清空废纸篓；⌘+⌥+⌫ 不进废纸篓直接删除。废纸篓里超过 30 天的可设置自动清除（Finder → 设置 → 高级里开关）。

👀 Quick Look Space

快速预览（最 Mac 的功能）

Select any file in Finder and press Space. A big preview opens instantly — images, PDFs, video, audio, code, even Word and Excel — without launching the app. Press Space again to close. Select multiple files first, then arrow-key through them.
选中文件按「空格键」 — 立刻弹出大预览窗。图片、PDF、视频、音频、代码、甚至 Word/Excel 都能看，不需要打开任何程序。再按一次空格关闭。多选时按方向键来回切换。Mac 最贴心的设计之一。

ℹ️ Get Info ⌘I

显示简介（看大小·改默认程序）

Select a file, press ⌘+I. Shows size, date, and "Where from" (the URL if you downloaded it). The Open with section lets you change which app opens this one file — or click Change All… to set the default for every file of that type.
选中文件按 ⌘+I — 看大小、修改日期、「来源」（下载的能看到原网址）。「打开方式」可改这一个文件的默认程序，点「全部更改」就把所有同类型文件都改了。

↩️ Undo ⌘Z

撤销（连删除和改名都能撤！）

In Finder, ⌘+Z undoes the last action — moved a file by mistake? Renamed wrong? Trashed something? Press it. Works for the most recent operation; multiple presses walk back further.
Finder 里 ⌘+Z 撤销上一步 — 不小心拖错位置、改错名字、误删？立刻按它。最近的操作能撤，多按几次能撤更早的。

📌 Three more tricks worth knowing — 三个值得记住的小技巧

🔗 Alias 别名： select a file, press ⌘+⌃+A — creates a shortcut you can drop on the Desktop or anywhere. The alias keeps working even if the original file is moved (macOS tracks it by ID, not path). / 选中文件按 ⌘+⌃+A — 生成快捷方式，拖到桌面或哪儿都行。原文件就算挪了位置，别名照样指得到（Mac 用 ID 追踪，不是路径）。
🗜️ Compress 压缩： right-click any file or folder → Compress. Makes a .zip right next to it. To unzip, just double-click — macOS extracts automatically, no app needed. / 右键文件或文件夹 → 压缩 — 旁边出现 .zip。解压双击就行，macOS 自动解压，不用装软件。
☁️ iCloud Drive： if you turned on Desktop & Documents in iCloud (System Settings → Apple ID → iCloud Drive), those folders sync to all your Apple devices. A cloud icon on a file means "in iCloud, not yet downloaded" — click to download. A dotted-circle ⊙ means "uploading right now." / 如果开了「桌面与文稿同步到 iCloud」（系统设置 → Apple 账户 → iCloud 云盘），这两个文件夹会同步到所有苹果设备。文件名旁的云朵图标 = 「在云上，还没下到本机」点一下就下载；小圆圈 ⊙ = 「正在上传」。

🔍 Find — 查找

🔦 Spotlight ⌘ Space

聚焦搜索（最常用）

Press ⌘+Space. Type any part of the filename. Press Return to open. The single fastest way to find a file on macOS.
按 ⌘+空格，输入文件名的任何一部分，回车打开。macOS 上最快的查找方法，没有之一。

🔍 Finder Search ⌘F

Finder 内搜索

Open Finder, press ⌘+F. The top bar lets you limit to This Mac or just the current folder, and filter by Kind, Date, Size.
Finder 里按 ⌘+F。上面可以限定「整台 Mac」或「当前文件夹」，还能按类型、日期、大小筛选。

🕒 Recents

👀 Show extensions & hidden files — 显示扩展名和隐藏文件

Extensions: Finder menu → Settings → Advanced → Show all filename extensions. Now you can tell photo.jpg from photo.heic at a glance.
扩展名：Finder 菜单 → 设置 → 高级 → 显示所有文件扩展名 — 一眼分清 photo.jpg 和 photo.heic。

Hidden files: in any Finder window press ⌘+⇧+. (period) to toggle. Files starting with . are almost always app settings — don't delete them blindly.
隐藏文件：Finder 窗口里按 ⌘+⇧+句号切换显示。以「.」开头的几乎都是程序配置 — 别乱删。

Try it right now — 现在动手试

Press ⌘+Space, type "TextEdit", press Return. Type "Hello world." Press ⌘+S, name it hello.txt, save to Desktop. Then press ⌘+Space again, type "hello" — Spotlight finds it. You just created and found a file.

按 ⌘+空格 → 输入 TextEdit → 回车。打 "Hello world." 然后 ⌘+S，命名 hello.txt，存到桌面。再按一次 ⌘+空格，输入 "hello" — Spotlight 立刻找到。你已经会新建和查找文件了。

6. App Store · Spotlight · Mission Control

🇨🇳 中文

除了 Finder，macOS 还有几个必学的功能：

🇬🇧 English

Besides Finder, macOS has a few more must-know tools:

🅰️ App Store

应用商店（官方）

Apple's official store. Every app is checked for safety. Free + paid apps. Click the icon in the Dock or search "App Store" in Spotlight.
苹果官方商店 — 每个程序都查过，安全。免费和付费都有。

🔦 Spotlight ⌘ Space

聚焦搜索

The fastest way to open anything. Press ⌘ + Space and start typing — apps, files, definitions, math, anything.
最快的打开方式。按 ⌘+空格，开始打字 — 程序、文件、计算都能搜。

🪟 Mission Control F3

调度中心

Shows every open window at once. Swipe up with three fingers on the trackpad, or press F3.
看见所有打开的窗口。三指上滑或按 F3。

⚙️ System Settings

系统设置

Wallpaper, Wi-Fi, sound, accessibility, privacy. Used to be called "System Preferences".
壁纸、Wi-Fi、声音、辅助功能、隐私 — 都在这里。

📓 Notes

备忘录

Free note-taking app — text, images, checklists. Syncs to iPhone via iCloud.
免费记笔记的程序，自动同步到 iPhone。

📷 Screenshot ⌘ ⇧ 4

屏幕截图

⌘+⇧+4 = drag to capture. ⌘+⇧+3 = full screen.
⌘+⇧+4 框选截图，⌘+⇧+3 全屏截图。

7. Keyboard Shortcuts — 键盘快捷键 (Click to hear / 点听发音)

🇨🇳 中文

专业用户和新手最大的区别就是 — 用快捷键。Mac 用 ⌘ Command 键代替 Windows 的 Ctrl。点下面卡片听英文怎么说。

🇬🇧 English

The biggest difference between a beginner and a pro is shortcuts. On Mac, the ⌘ Command key takes the place of Windows's Ctrl. Click any card to hear it spoken.

⌘+C

Copy 复制

⌘+V

Paste 粘贴

⌘+X

Cut 剪切

⌘+Z

Undo 撤销

⌘+⇧+Z

Redo 重做

⌘+S

Save 保存

⌘+Tab

Switch app 切换程序

⌘+Q

Quit app 退出程序

⌘+W

Close window 关闭窗口

⌘+Space

Spotlight search 聚焦搜索

⌘+⇧+4

Screenshot area 框选截图

⌘+,

App settings 程序设置

💡 Mac Symbol Decoder — Mac 符号速查

⌘ = Command （命令） · ⌥ = Option（选项 = Windows 的 Alt） · ⌃ = Control · ⇧ = Shift · ⏎ = Return（回车） · ⎋ = Esc · ⌫ = Delete

8. Terminal — 终端 (Real Practice / 真的可以打)

🇨🇳 中文

终端（Terminal）是程序员的魔法棒 🪄。它让你不用鼠标，只用命令就能控制电脑。开始可能怕怕的 — 黑底白字像电影里的黑客 — 但它非常强大。

macOS 自带终端 — Spotlight 搜 "Terminal" 就能打开。下面是个真的可以用的模拟终端，试试看！

🇬🇧 English

The Terminal is a programmer's magic wand 🪄. It lets you control the computer using commands instead of a mouse. It can look scary at first — black background, white text, very "hacker movie" — but it's incredibly powerful.

macOS comes with Terminal built in — search "Terminal" in Spotlight to open it. Below is a working terminal simulator you can practice with right now!

student@mac — -zsh — 80×24

Last login: Mon May 03 14:23:01 on console

Welcome to Terminal! Type help for a list of commands. / 输入 help 看可用命令

pwd

显示当前位置

Print Working Directory — shows where you are.
显示你现在在哪个文件夹。

ls

列出文件

List — shows files in current folder. Try ls -la for details.
列出文件夹里的东西。ls -la 看详情。

cd

切换文件夹

Change Directory. cd .. = up one level. cd ~ = home.
切换文件夹。cd .. 回上一层，cd ~ 回主目录。

mkdir

新建文件夹

Make Directory. mkdir my-project creates a folder.
新建文件夹。

touch

新建空文件

Creates an empty file. touch hello.txt.
新建一个空文件。

rm / rm -rf

删除（小心）

Remove. rm deletes a file. rm -rf deletes folders too — cannot be undone!
删除。rm -rf 删整个文件夹 — 没回收站，删了就没了！

cp / mv

复制 / 移动

Copy and Move. cp a.txt b.txt. mv a.txt ~/Desktop/.
复制和移动。

cat

显示文件内容

Print the contents of a text file to the screen.
显示文本文件的内容。

9. Installing Software via Command Line — 用命令行装软件

🇨🇳 中文

程序员装东西最快的方法是用包管理器（package manager）— 一行命令就装好。

Mac 上最流行的叫 Homebrew（家酿啤酒 🍺）。它是免费、开源的，由志愿者维护。

🇬🇧 English

The fastest way for developers to install things is with a package manager — one command and it's done.

The most popular one on Mac is Homebrew 🍺. It's free, open source, and maintained by volunteers around the world.

Step 1: Install Homebrew — 安装 Homebrew

Open Terminal and paste this single line:
打开终端，粘贴这一行命令：

/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"

⚠️ What this does — 这一行做了什么

中文： curl 从 GitHub 下载安装脚本，bash 运行它。它会自己装好所有需要的东西。只装一次，以后用 brew 命令就行。

English: curl downloads the install script from GitHub, bash runs it. Brew installs everything it needs automatically. Install once, then use brew commands forever.

Step 2: Common `brew` Commands — 常用 brew 命令

brew install python

装 Python

Installs Python (or any other tool).
装 Python（或别的工具）。

brew install --cask vscode

装一个图形程序

--cask = a normal Mac app like VS Code, Chrome, Slack.
--cask 装图形界面程序，比如 VS Code、Chrome。

brew search node

搜软件

Search Brew's library for a tool.
搜 Brew 库里有没有这个软件。

brew list

看装了什么

List everything Brew has installed.
看你已经装了哪些。

brew update

更新 brew 自己

Update brew's own list of available packages.
更新 brew 的软件清单。

brew upgrade

更新所有装过的

Upgrade every package you've installed to the latest version.
把你装过的所有软件升级。

brew uninstall git

卸载

Remove a package.
卸载某个软件。

brew doctor

检查问题

Check if anything is broken with your Brew setup.
检查 brew 的状态有没有问题。

Step 3: A Real Setup — 一个真实的开发环境

Here's what a high schooler learning to code might install on Day 1:
下面是高中生第一天学编程可能会装的：

# Install programming tools / 装编程工具
brew install python
brew install node
brew install git

# Install GUI apps / 装图形程序
brew install --cask visual-studio-code
brew install --cask google-chrome
brew install --cask iterm2

# Verify installs / 检查装好了没
python3 --version
node --version
git --version

The Power of One Line — 一行命令的力量

Once you learn brew, you'll never download installers again. One command. Done.

学会 brew 之后，你就再也不用一个一个下载安装包了。一行命令，搞定。

10. Quick Quiz — 小测验

0 / 6 correct

1. macOS is built on which kind of system?

macOS 是基于什么系统？

DOS

Unix (Darwin kernel)

Windows NT

Android

✅ macOS is built on the Darwin kernel, which is based on Unix/BSD. That's why Linux commands work in Terminal. / macOS 基于 Unix 的 Darwin 内核，所以 Linux 命令也能用。

2. What does the ls command do?

ls 命令做什么？

Logs you out

Locks the screen

Lists files in the current folder

Loads a system update

✅ ls = "list" — it shows files in the current folder. / ls 显示当前文件夹里有什么。

3. Which key on a Mac is the equivalent of Windows's "Ctrl"?

Mac 上和 Windows 的 Ctrl 一样作用的键是哪个？

Option (⌥)

Shift (⇧)

Command (⌘)

Caps Lock

✅ The Command (⌘) key plays the role of Ctrl. ⌘+C, ⌘+V, ⌘+S all work like on Windows. / Command (⌘) 键 = Windows 的 Ctrl 键。

4. Which app is macOS's file manager?

哪个是 macOS 的文件管理器？

Safari

Finder

Spotlight

Mission Control

✅ Finder manages all files and folders. The smiling blue face icon. / Finder 是文件管理器 — 那个蓝色笑脸。

5. What does brew install python do?

brew install python 做什么？

Brews a cup of coffee

Installs the Python programming language

Removes Python from your Mac

Opens a Python tutorial website

✅ Homebrew (brew) is a package manager. brew install python downloads and installs Python in one step. / brew 是包管理器，一行命令装好 Python。

6. Why must you be careful with rm -rf?

为什么 rm -rf 要小心用？

It uses too much battery

It needs an internet connection

It deletes files permanently — no Trash, no undo

It only works after midnight

✅ rm -rf deletes folders and everything inside permanently. There's no Trash — once gone, it's gone. / rm -rf 直接删除，没回收站、没办法撤销。

You did it! — 你做到了！

You now know macOS hardware, OS layers, the apps, the Dock, the Finder, the Terminal, and how to install software like a developer.

现在你已经懂了 macOS 的硬件、系统层次、常用程序、Dock、Finder、终端，还会用命令行装软件 — 真正像程序员一样。

What is macOS? — macOS 是什么？

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

🍎 macOS

🪟 Windows

1. Hardware — 硬件 (Click the dots / 点蓝点)

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

2. The Operating System — 系统的五层 (Click each layer / 点每层)

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

🌟 Fun Facts — 有意思的事

3. The Dock — 程序坞 (Hover the icons / 鼠标移上去)

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

4. Finder — 访达（文件管理器）

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

5. Create & Find Files — 新建和查找文件

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

🆕 Create — 新建

📍 Where do new files land? — 新文件默认存到哪？

📦 Manage — 整理（移动·复制·改名·删除）

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

📌 Three more tricks worth knowing — 三个值得记住的小技巧

🔍 Find — 查找

👀 Show extensions & hidden files — 显示扩展名和隐藏文件

Try it right now — 现在动手试

6. App Store · Spotlight · Mission Control

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

7. Keyboard Shortcuts — 键盘快捷键 (Click to hear / 点听发音)

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

💡 Mac Symbol Decoder — Mac 符号速查

8. Terminal — 终端 (Real Practice / 真的可以打)

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

9. Installing Software via Command Line — 用命令行装软件

🇨🇳 中文

🇬🇧 English

Step 1: Install Homebrew — 安装 Homebrew

⚠️ What this does — 这一行做了什么

Step 2: Common brew Commands — 常用 brew 命令

Step 3: A Real Setup — 一个真实的开发环境

The Power of One Line — 一行命令的力量

10. Quick Quiz — 小测验

You did it! — 你做到了！

Step 2: Common `brew` Commands — 常用 brew 命令