1. Tenses
📚 Teaching Summary
English has six main tenses: present, past, present perfect, past perfect, future, and future perfect. Each tense has two forms: simple and continuous. The simple form describes complete or habitual actions. The continuous form describes ongoing actions, formed with the verb 'to be' plus the -ing form of the main verb. We use the present simple for facts and routines, like 'The Earth revolves around the Sun.' We use the present continuous for actions happening now or around now, like 'I am taking a TEFL course.'
1.aComplete the table with the simple and continuous form of each tense.
| Tense | Simple | Continuous |
|---|---|---|
| Present | I work | I am working |
| Past | I worked | I was working |
| Present perfect | I have worked | I have been working |
| Past perfect | I had worked | I had been working |
| Future | I will work | I will be working |
| Future perfect | I will have worked | I will have been working |
1.bGive 2 contexts + examples each for the present simple and the present continuous.
Present simple
- Facts.
The Earth revolves around the Sun. - Routines / habits.
She plays football on Mondays.
Present continuous
- Actions happening now.
I am writing. - Actions happening around now.
I am taking a TEFL course.
2. Conditional sentences
📚 Teaching Summary
There are four common conditionals in English. The zero conditional describes general truths and scientific facts. It uses 'if' plus the present simple, then the present simple. The first conditional describes likely future situations. It uses 'if' plus the present simple, then 'will' plus the base verb. The second conditional describes unlikely or hypothetical situations in the present or future. It uses 'if' plus the past simple, then 'would' plus the base verb. The third conditional describes imaginary past situations, often expressing regret. It uses 'if' plus the past perfect, then 'would have' plus the past participle.
2.For each conditional, give: (a) example, (b) context, (c) grammatical form, (d) past / future / all times.
| Conditional | Context | Example | Grammatical form | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero | Facts | If you heat water to 100°C, it boils. | present simple / present simple | All times |
| 1st | Likely hypotheticals | If my team wins, I will be happy. | present simple / future simple (will + base) | Future |
| 2nd | Unlikely hypotheticals | If I saw a ghost, I would take a photo. | past simple / modal (would) + base verb | Future |
| 3rd | Past imaginary hypotheticals | If I had known, I would have told you. | past perfect / subject + would + have + past participle | Past |
3. Countable / uncountable nouns — some & any
📚 Teaching Summary
Nouns in English are either countable or uncountable. Countable nouns can be pluralised, like 'chair' becoming 'chairs'. Uncountable nouns cannot be pluralised, like 'water', 'advice', or 'information'. We use 'some' in positive sentences with both countable and uncountable nouns. We use 'any' in negative sentences and in questions. For example: I have some apples. I don't have any water. Do you have any questions?
3.aDefine countable and uncountable nouns. Give an example of each.
| Type | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Countable | Can be pluralised | chair / chairs |
| Uncountable | Cannot be pluralised | water |
3.bHow are some and any used with countable and uncountable nouns?
| Countable | Uncountable | |
|---|---|---|
| + (positive) | some | some |
| − (negative) | any | any |
| ? (question) | any | any |
e.g. I have some chairs. | I don't have any water. | Do you have any questions?
4. yet, ever, already, for, since, just with the present perfect
📚 Teaching Summary
Six common adverbs are used with the present perfect tense. 'Yet' shows intention to complete and is used in negatives and questions, like 'I haven't been there yet.' 'Ever' refers to a lifetime experience and is used mostly in questions, like 'Have you ever been to Korea?' 'Already' emphasises completion, often earlier than expected, like 'They have already left.' 'Just' refers to the very recent past, like 'She has just arrived.' 'For' introduces a period of time, like 'for two years.' 'Since' introduces a specific point in time, like 'since 2023.'
4.Give an example sentence using each adverb with the present perfect, and explain the meaning of each adverb.
| Adverb | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| yet | intention to complete | I have not been to S. Korea yet. |
| ever | during a lifetime | Have you ever been to S. Korea? |
| already | emphasis on completion | They have already been to S. Korea. |
| for | a period of time | He has lived in Chiang Mai for 2 years. |
| since | from a specific time | He has lived in Chiang Mai since 2023. |
| just | in the recent past | She has just been to S. Korea. |
5. Passive voice
📚 Teaching Summary
The passive voice is formed with the verb 'to be' plus the past participle. It is suitable in three main contexts. First, when the object of the active voice is more important than the subject. For example: JFK was assassinated in the 1960s. Second, when describing a process. For example: The trees are chopped into logs and transported to the factory. Third, when the agent is unknown or difficult to identify. For example: My car was stolen yesterday.
5.Give 3 contexts + examples where the passive voice is suitable.
- When the object of the active voice is more important than the subject.
JFK was assassinated in the 1960s.
- A process.
The trees are chopped into logs.
The logs are transported to the factory. - When the agent is unknown or difficult to identify.
Millions of people are led to believe that they'll win the lottery each week.
6. will + infinitive & going to + infinitive
📚 Teaching Summary
Both 'will' and 'going to' refer to the future, but they are used in different contexts. 'Will' has six main uses: predictions, agreements, spontaneous decisions, promises, offers, and requests. For example, 'I will help you' is a spontaneous offer. 'Going to' has two main uses: predictions based on visible evidence, and pre-existing future plans. For example, 'I am going to study medicine' is a planned future intention. A simple rule of thumb: use 'will' for what you decide in the moment, use 'going to' for what you have already planned.
6.aGive 6 contexts + examples for "will" + infinitive.
- Predictions.
It will not rain. - Agreement.
OK, I will pick you up at 3.00pm. - Decisions (spontaneous).
I will have a coffee. - Promise.
If we pass, we will celebrate. - Offer.
I will help you. - Request.
Will you help me?
6.bGive 2 contexts + examples for "going to" + infinitive.
- Predictions.
It is not going to rain. - Future plans.
He is going to travel next year.