Windows

Microsoft's Operating System for High School IT Students

微软视窗系统 — 高中信息课入门教程

What is Windows? — Windows 是什么?

🇨🇳 中文

Windows(读作"win-doze")是微软公司开发的操作系统operating system)。世界上大多数 PC(戴尔、联想、惠普、华硕、Surface…)跑的就是它。它管着电脑里的一切:硬件、软件、文件、网络、屏幕上你看到的每一个窗口。

和 macOS 是两兄弟 — 同样的目的,但风格、命令、做事方法都不一样。学一个,另一个就好上手。

🇬🇧 English

Windows (say "win-doze") is the operating system made by Microsoft. Most PCs in the world — Dell, Lenovo, HP, ASUS, Surface — run Windows. It manages everything inside: hardware, software, files, network, and every window on the screen.

It's a sibling of macOS — same job, different style, different commands, different way of doing things. Learn one, and the other becomes easier.

🪟 Windows

  • Made by Microsoft, runs on most PCs / 微软造,多数 PC 都能跑
  • Built on the Windows NT kernel / 底层是 Windows NT 内核
  • Most common in offices, schools and gaming / 办公、学校和游戏最常见
  • Apps end in .exe / 程序的扩展名是 .exe
  • Latest versions: Windows 10 & Windows 11 / 最新版是 Windows 10 和 Windows 11

🍎 macOS

  • Made by Apple, only on Apple computers / 苹果造,只在苹果电脑上跑
  • Built on Unix (Darwin) kernel / 底层是 Unix 的 Darwin 内核
  • Popular for design & development / 设计师和程序员爱用
  • Apps end in .app / 程序的扩展名是 .app

1. Hardware — 硬件 (Click the dots / 点蓝点)

🇨🇳 中文

硬件就是你能摸到的部分 — chips、屏幕、键盘、电池、接口。Windows 电脑(PC)的硬件比 Mac 多样得多 — 几十家厂商生产,规格五花八门。点击下面图上的蓝点,看每一部分的介绍。

🇬🇧 English

Hardware is the part you can touch — chips, screen, keyboard, battery, ports. Windows PCs come in far more shapes and sizes than Macs — dozens of brands make them, with very different specs. Click the blue dots on the diagram below to learn about each part.

🗑️
📁
📁
e
>_
12:34
5/7/2026
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1
2
3
4
5

👆 Click a blue dot above / 点上面的蓝点

Tap on any number to see what it is. / 点数字看说明。

🧠 CPU / Processor
中央处理器(大脑)
The brain that does calculations. Most Windows PCs use Intel Core (i3, i5, i7, i9) or AMD Ryzen (3, 5, 7, 9). Some new ones use ARM chips (Snapdragon X).
Windows 电脑常用 Intel Core (i3/i5/i7/i9) 或 AMD Ryzen (3/5/7/9)。新款也开始用 ARM 芯片(如 Snapdragon X)。
🎨 GPU
图形处理器
The graphics chip — draws pixels, runs games, edits videos. Gaming PCs have separate NVIDIA GeForce or AMD Radeon cards.
负责画屏幕上的像素 — 玩游戏、剪视频靠它。游戏 PC 通常装独立显卡:NVIDIA GeForce 或 AMD Radeon。
💭 RAM / Memory
内存(短期记忆)
Short-term memory. Holds the apps you have open right now. 8 GB minimum, 16 GB comfortable, 32 GB for gaming or video editing.
短期记忆 — 装现在打开的程序。建议至少 16 GB。
💾 SSD / Storage
固态硬盘(长期记忆)
Long-term memory. Holds files, photos, apps even when off. SSDs are fast; older PCs may have slower spinning HDD hard drives.
长期记忆 — 关机也不会丢。SSD 又快又省电;旧机器可能是慢的机械硬盘 HDD。
🔌 Ports
接口
PCs usually have many: USB-A, USB-C, HDMI, sometimes Ethernet, SD card, headphone jack. More variety than Macs.
PC 接口比 Mac 多 — USB-A、USB-C、HDMI,可能还有 Ethernet 网线、SD 卡、耳机口。
📹 Webcam
摄像头
Built into the top of the screen for video calls. Some include Windows Hello (face login).
视频通话用,在屏幕上方。有些支持 Windows Hello(刷脸登录)。

2. The Operating System — 系统的五层 (Click each layer / 点每层)

🇨🇳 中文

软件不是一整块 — 它分。每层只管自己的事,互相用接口(API)说话。点击每一层看更多。

🇬🇧 English

Software is not one big blob — it's made of layers. Each layer does its own job and talks to the others through interfaces (APIs). Click each layer to learn more.

1
Hardware — 硬件
CPU, GPU, RAM, SSD, screen / 芯片、内存、硬盘、屏幕
2
Kernel (Windows NT) — 内核
Manages memory, processes, drivers, security / 管内存、进程、驱动、安全
3
System Libraries — 系统库
Win32 API, .NET, .dll files / Win32 API、.NET、动态链接库
4
User Interface (Fluent / Shell) — 用户界面
Start, Taskbar, Explorer, animations / 开始菜单、任务栏、动画
5
Applications — 应用程序
Edge, Office, Notepad, your apps / Edge、Office、记事本等

👆 Click a layer above / 点上面的某一层

🌟 Fun Facts — 有意思的事

  • The first Windows came out in 1985 — over 40 years ago! / 第一代 Windows 1985 年发布 — 40 多年了!
  • Windows runs on over a billion active PCs around the world. / 全球有超过 10 亿台 PC 在跑 Windows。
  • The "NT" in Windows NT originally stood for "New Technology". / "NT" 原本是 "New Technology"(新技术)的缩写。
  • Microsoft now ships a Linux subsystem (WSL) inside Windows — you can run real Linux commands without a separate computer. / Windows 现在自带 Linux 子系统(WSL),不用第二台电脑也能跑真正的 Linux 命令。

3. The Taskbar — 任务栏 (Hover the icons / 鼠标移上去)

🇨🇳 中文

任务栏(Taskbar)是屏幕底部那条常用程序栏。Windows 11 默认把它居中。最左边是开始菜单(⊞),右边是系统托盘(时钟、Wi-Fi、电池)。点一下图标打开程序,长按右键能看更多选项。

🇬🇧 English

The Taskbar is the bar of favorite apps at the bottom of the screen. In Windows 11 it's centered by default. The far left has the Start menu (⊞), and the far right has the system tray (clock, Wi-Fi, battery). Click an icon to launch it; right-click for more options.

🗑️Recycle Bin · 回收站
🗂️
e
📁
📧
📝
🖼️
🧮
>_
M
--:--
--/--/----

👆 Click a taskbar icon to learn what it does. / 点任务栏图标看说明。

4. File Explorer — 文件资源管理器

🇨🇳 中文

文件资源管理器(File Explorer)是 Windows 里的file manager,相当于 Mac 的 Finder。它管所有的文件 — 桌面、下载、文档、图片。任务栏上的yellow folder icon就是它,或者按 +E

试试下面的 File Explorer! 点左边的文件夹切换。

🇬🇧 English

File Explorer is Windows's file manager — like Finder on macOS. It manages every file: Desktop, Downloads, Documents, Pictures. The yellow folder icon on the Taskbar is its logo, or press +E.

Try File Explorer below! Click folders on the left to switch.

📁 Documents
This PC > Documents
Quick access · 快速访问
🖥️ Desktop
📄 Documents
⬇️ Downloads
🖼️ Pictures
🎵 Music
This PC · 此电脑
💽 Local Disk (C:)
🅰️ Program Files
🗑️ Recycle Bin
C:\Users\student\Documents
Desktop
桌面
Where icons sit when you turn on the PC.
开机后看到的那个屏幕。
This PC
此电脑
Top-level view of all your drives — C:, D:, USB sticks, network drives.
电脑里所有盘的总览 — C 盘、D 盘、U 盘、网络盘。
📁 Folder
文件夹
A container for files. Right-click in Explorer → New → Folder.
装文件的盒子。在资源管理器里右键 → 新建 → 文件夹。
📄 File
文件
A document: photo, song, text, video. Has a name and an extension (.jpg, .mp3, .txt, .exe).
一个文档 — 照片、歌、文字、视频。有名字和扩展名。
Path
路径
The full address of a file: C:\Users\student\Documents\essay.docx. Note: Windows uses backslash \.
文件的完整地址。Windows 用反斜杠 \
💽 Drive Letter
盘符
C: is your main disk. D:, E: may be other disks. USB: is rare; USB sticks usually become D: or E:.
C 盘是主硬盘,D、E 盘是其他磁盘,U 盘插上去通常变成 D 或 E 盘。

5. Microsoft Store · Search · Settings · Snipping Tool

🇨🇳 中文

除了文件资源管理器,Windows 还有几个必学的功能:

🇬🇧 English

Besides File Explorer, Windows has a few more must-know tools:

🅼 Microsoft Store
微软商店(官方)
Microsoft's official app store. Apps are checked for safety. Free + paid. Open from the Start Menu or click its icon on the Taskbar.
微软官方商店 — 程序都查过,安全。免费和付费都有。从开始菜单或任务栏打开。
🔍 Search ⊞ S
搜索
The fastest way to open anything. Press or +S and start typing — apps, files, settings, the web.
最快的打开方式。按 ⊞ 键或 ⊞+S,开始打字 — 程序、文件、设置、网页都能搜。
🗂️ Task View ⊞ Tab
任务视图
Shows every open window and lets you make multiple virtual desktops. Press +Tab.
看见所有打开的窗口,还能建多个虚拟桌面。按 ⊞+Tab。
⚙️ Settings ⊞ I
设置
Wallpaper, Wi-Fi, sound, accessibility, privacy, updates. Press +I.
壁纸、Wi-Fi、声音、辅助功能、隐私、更新 — 都在这里。⊞+I 直达。
📝 Notepad & Sticky Notes
记事本和便签
Notepad: simple text editor (.txt). Sticky Notes: yellow Post-it notes on your desktop.
记事本:简单的纯文本编辑器。便签:桌面上的黄色小贴纸。
✂️ Snipping Tool ⊞ ⇧ S
截图工具
++S = drag to capture screenshot. PrtScn = full screen.
⊞+⇧+S 框选截图,PrtScn 全屏截图。

6. Keyboard Shortcuts — 键盘快捷键 (Click to hear / 点听发音)

🇨🇳 中文

专业用户和新手最大的区别就是 — 用快捷键。Windows 用 Ctrl 键和 ⊞ Windows 键。点下面卡片听英文怎么说。

🇬🇧 English

The biggest difference between a beginner and a pro is shortcuts. Windows uses the Ctrl key and the ⊞ Windows key. Click any card to hear it spoken.

Ctrl+C
Copy 复制
Ctrl+V
Paste 粘贴
Ctrl+X
Cut 剪切
Ctrl+Z
Undo 撤销
Ctrl+Y
Redo 重做
Ctrl+S
Save 保存
Alt+Tab
Switch app 切换程序
Alt+F4
Close / quit 关闭程序
Ctrl+W
Close tab 关闭标签页
+S
Search 搜索
+E
File Explorer 文件资源管理器
++S
Screenshot area 框选截图
+L
Lock screen 锁屏
+D
Show desktop 显示桌面
+Tab
Task view 任务视图
+I
Settings 设置

💡 Windows Key Decoder — Windows 按键速查

= Windows key (视窗键 = Mac 的 ⌘)  ·   Ctrl = Control(控制 = Mac 的 ⌘ 大致对应)  ·   Alt = Alt(Alternate = Mac 的 ⌥)  ·   = Shift  ·   = Enter(回车)  ·   Esc = Escape  ·   = Backspace

7. PowerShell — 命令行 (Real Practice / 真的可以打)

🇨🇳 中文

PowerShell 是 Windows 的魔法棒 🪄。它让你不用鼠标,只用命令就能控制电脑。开始可能怕怕的 — 黑底(或蓝底)白字像电影里的黑客 — 但它非常强大。

Windows 自带 PowerShell — 在搜索栏打 "PowerShell" 或 "Windows Terminal" 就能打开。下面是个真的可以用的模拟终端,试试看!

🇬🇧 English

PowerShell is Windows's magic wand 🪄. It lets you control the computer using commands instead of a mouse. It can look scary at first — black or blue background, white text, very "hacker movie" — but it's incredibly powerful.

PowerShell comes with Windows — search "PowerShell" or "Windows Terminal" in the Start Menu. Below is a working terminal simulator you can practice with right now!

Windows PowerShell — student@PC
Windows PowerShell
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Type help for a list of commands. / 输入 help 看可用命令

💡 PowerShell Aliases — PowerShell 别名

PowerShell's "real" commands look like Get-ChildItem or Set-Location. To make life easy, it provides aliases — short Linux/Mac-style names for the same commands:

PowerShell 真正的命令是 Get-ChildItem 这种动词-名词的形式,但它都有别名 — 短小的 Linux/Mac 风格名字:

Alias / 别名Real command / 真正的命令What it does / 做什么
ls · dirGet-ChildItemList files / 列出文件
cdSet-LocationChange folder / 切换文件夹
pwdGet-LocationShow current folder / 显示当前位置
cat · typeGet-ContentRead file / 读文件
cp · copyCopy-ItemCopy / 复制
mv · moveMove-ItemMove / 移动
rm · delRemove-ItemDelete / 删除
mkdir · mdNew-Item -ItemType DirectoryMake folder / 新建文件夹
niNew-ItemMake file / 新建文件
pwd
显示当前位置
Alias for Get-Location — shows where you are.
显示你现在在哪个文件夹。
ls / dir
列出文件
Alias for Get-ChildItem — shows files in current folder.
列出文件夹里的东西。
cd
切换文件夹
Alias for Set-Location. cd .. = up one level. cd ~ = home (your user folder).
切换文件夹。cd .. 回上一层,cd ~ 回主目录。
mkdir / md
新建文件夹
Make a folder. mkdir my-project creates a folder.
新建文件夹。
ni
新建空文件
Alias for New-Item. Creates an empty file. ni hello.txt. (Mac/Linux uses touch.)
新建一个空文件。Mac/Linux 用 touch
rm / del
删除(小心)
Alias for Remove-Item. Deletes a file or folder. Files deleted in PowerShell do not go to the Recycle Bin — they're gone!
删除文件或文件夹。在 PowerShell 删的不进回收站 — 直接没了!
cp / mv
复制 / 移动
Aliases for Copy-Item and Move-Item.
复制和移动。
cat / type
显示文件内容
Alias for Get-Content. Print the contents of a text file.
显示文本文件的内容。

8. Installing Software via Command Line — 用命令行装软件

🇨🇳 中文

程序员装东西最快的方法是用包管理器package manager)— 一行命令就装好。

Windows 自带的官方包管理器叫 winget(Windows Package Manager 的缩写)。它是免费开源,由微软维护。Windows 10 (1809+) 和 Windows 11 都自带。

🇬🇧 English

The fastest way for developers to install things is with a package manager — one command and it's done.

Windows ships with the winget command (short for Windows Package Manager). It's free, open source, and maintained by Microsoft. Built into Windows 10 (1809+) and Windows 11.

Step 1: Check that winget works — 检查 winget 能用

Open PowerShell or Windows Terminal and type:
打开 PowerShell 或 Windows Terminal,输入:

winget --version

⚠️ If winget is not found — 如果说找不到 winget

中文: 在 Microsoft Store 搜 "App Installer"(应用安装程序)安装它即可。Windows 11 应该已经有了。

English: Open Microsoft Store, search for "App Installer" and install it. Windows 11 already has it built in.

Step 2: Common winget Commands — 常用 winget 命令

winget install Python.Python.3.12
装 Python
Installs Python (latest 3.12.x).
装 Python(3.12 系列最新版)。
winget install Microsoft.VisualStudioCode
装 VS Code
Installs Visual Studio Code editor.
装 VS Code 代码编辑器。
winget search node
搜软件
Search winget's library for a tool.
搜 winget 库里有没有这个软件。
winget list
看装了什么
List every app on your PC (winget can see them all).
列出你电脑上所有装过的软件。
winget upgrade
看哪些可以更新
Show which apps have updates available.
看看哪些软件有新版可以更新。
winget upgrade --all
更新所有
Update every package on your PC at once.
把所有软件升级到最新版,一次搞定。
winget uninstall Git.Git
卸载
Remove a package by ID.
用 ID 卸载某个软件。
winget show Python.Python.3.12
看详细信息
Show description, version, publisher.
看软件的详细介绍、版本、发布者。

Step 3: A Real Setup — 一个真实的开发环境

Here's what a high schooler learning to code might install on Day 1:
下面是高中生第一天学编程可能会装的:

# Install programming tools / 装编程工具 winget install Python.Python.3.12 winget install OpenJS.NodeJS winget install Git.Git # Install GUI apps / 装图形程序 winget install Microsoft.VisualStudioCode winget install Google.Chrome winget install Microsoft.WindowsTerminal # Verify installs / 检查装好了没 python --version node --version git --version

🍫 Bonus — 还有一个: Chocolatey

Another popular Windows package manager (community-made) is Chocolatey (choco). It has more apps than winget but isn't built in — you have to install it first. choco install python git nodejs vscode.

还有一个流行的(社区版)叫 Chocolatey。库比 winget 更多,但不是系统自带 — 要先装。

The Power of One Line — 一行命令的力量

Once you learn winget, you'll never download installers from random websites again. One command. Done. Safer too — Microsoft has checked the package.

学会 winget 之后,你就再也不用从乱七八糟的网站下载安装包了。一行命令,搞定。还更安全 — 微软都查过。

9. Quick Quiz — 小测验

0 / 6 correct
1. What kernel is Windows built on?
Windows 基于什么内核?
Linux
Unix (Darwin)
Windows NT
Android
✅ Windows is built on the Windows NT kernel — first released in 1993. macOS uses Darwin (Unix); Windows uses NT. / Windows 用 Windows NT 内核(1993 年首发)。macOS 用 Darwin (Unix)。
2. What does the ls command do in PowerShell?
PowerShell 里的 ls 命令做什么?
Logs you out
Locks the screen
Lists files in the current folder (alias for Get-ChildItem)
Loads a system update
ls is a PowerShell alias for Get-ChildItem — it shows files in the current folder. dir works too. / ls 是 PowerShell 给 Get-ChildItem 起的别名,dir 也行。
3. Which key on a Windows keyboard is the equivalent of Mac's "⌘ Command"?
Windows 上和 Mac 的 ⌘ 一样作用的键是哪个?
Alt
Shift
Ctrl
Caps Lock
✅ For copy/paste/save shortcuts, Ctrl on Windows = ⌘ Command on Mac. Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V, Ctrl+S all work like ⌘+C, ⌘+V, ⌘+S. / 复制/粘贴/保存等快捷键,Windows 的 Ctrl = Mac 的 ⌘。
4. Which app is Windows's file manager?
哪个是 Windows 的文件管理器?
Microsoft Edge
File Explorer
Task Manager
Settings
File Explorer manages all files and folders. The yellow folder icon on the Taskbar — or press +E. / File Explorer (文件资源管理器) 是文件管理器 — 任务栏上的黄色文件夹,或按 ⊞+E。
5. What does winget install Python.Python.3.12 do?
winget install Python.Python.3.12 做什么?
Opens a Python tutorial website
Downloads and installs Python 3.12 from Microsoft's catalog
Removes Python from your PC
Lists every Python file on your PC
winget is Windows's built-in package manager. winget install downloads and installs an app in one step from Microsoft's verified catalog. / winget 是 Windows 自带的包管理器 — 一行命令从微软的官方目录下载并安装。
6. What does the ++S shortcut do?
++S 这个快捷键是做什么的?
Shuts down the PC
Saves a file
Opens the Snipping Tool to take a screenshot
Opens Settings
++S opens the Snipping Tool — drag to select an area to screenshot. / ⊞+⇧+S 打开截图工具 — 框选要截的区域。

You did it! — 你做到了!

You now know Windows hardware, OS layers, the apps, the Taskbar, File Explorer, PowerShell, and how to install software like a developer with winget.

现在你已经懂了 Windows 的硬件、系统层次、常用程序、任务栏、文件资源管理器、PowerShell,还会用 winget 命令行装软件 — 真正像程序员一样。

Windows — 微软视窗系统 | A High School IT Lesson

Made for Chinese English learners — 为学习英语的中国朋友制作