What is Windows? — Windows 是什么?
🇨🇳 中文
Windows(读作"win-doze")是微软公司开发的操作系统(
和 macOS 是两兄弟 — 同样的目的,但风格、命令、做事方法都不一样。学一个,另一个就好上手。
🇬🇧 English
Windows (say "win-doze") is the
It's a sibling of macOS — same job, different style, different commands, different way of doing things. Learn one, and the other becomes easier.
🪟 Windows
- Made by Microsoft, runs on most PCs / 微软造,多数 PC 都能跑
- Built on the Windows NT kernel / 底层是 Windows NT 内核
- Most common in offices, schools and gaming / 办公、学校和游戏最常见
- Apps end in
.exe/ 程序的扩展名是.exe - Latest versions: Windows 10 & Windows 11 / 最新版是 Windows 10 和 Windows 11
🍎 macOS
- Made by Apple, only on Apple computers / 苹果造,只在苹果电脑上跑
- Built on Unix (Darwin) kernel / 底层是 Unix 的 Darwin 内核
- Popular for design & development / 设计师和程序员爱用
- Apps end in
.app/ 程序的扩展名是.app
1. Hardware — 硬件 (Click the dots / 点蓝点)
🇨🇳 中文
硬件就是你能摸到的部分 —
🇬🇧 English
Hardware is the part you can touch — chips, screen, keyboard, battery, ports. Windows PCs come in far more shapes and sizes than Macs — dozens of brands make them, with very different specs. Click the blue dots on the diagram below to learn about each part.
5/7/2026
👆 Click a blue dot above / 点上面的蓝点
Tap on any number to see what it is. / 点数字看说明。
Windows 电脑常用 Intel Core (i3/i5/i7/i9) 或 AMD Ryzen (3/5/7/9)。新款也开始用 ARM 芯片(如 Snapdragon X)。
负责画屏幕上的像素 — 玩游戏、剪视频靠它。游戏 PC 通常装独立显卡:NVIDIA GeForce 或 AMD Radeon。
短期记忆 — 装现在打开的程序。建议至少 16 GB。
长期记忆 — 关机也不会丢。SSD 又快又省电;旧机器可能是慢的机械硬盘 HDD。
PC 接口比 Mac 多 — USB-A、USB-C、HDMI,可能还有 Ethernet 网线、SD 卡、耳机口。
视频通话用,在屏幕上方。有些支持 Windows Hello(刷脸登录)。
2. The Operating System — 系统的五层 (Click each layer / 点每层)
🇨🇳 中文
软件不是一整块 — 它分层。每层只管自己的事,互相用接口(
🇬🇧 English
Software is not one big blob — it's made of layers. Each layer does its own job and talks to the others through interfaces (
🌟 Fun Facts — 有意思的事
- The first Windows came out in 1985 — over 40 years ago! / 第一代 Windows 1985 年发布 — 40 多年了!
- Windows runs on over a billion active PCs around the world. / 全球有超过 10 亿台 PC 在跑 Windows。
- The "NT" in Windows NT originally stood for "New Technology". / "NT" 原本是 "New Technology"(新技术)的缩写。
- Microsoft now ships a Linux subsystem (WSL) inside Windows — you can run real Linux commands without a separate computer. / Windows 现在自带 Linux 子系统(WSL),不用第二台电脑也能跑真正的 Linux 命令。
3. The Taskbar — 任务栏 (Hover the icons / 鼠标移上去)
🇨🇳 中文
任务栏(Taskbar)是屏幕底部那条常用程序栏。Windows 11 默认把它居中。最左边是开始菜单(⊞),右边是系统托盘(时钟、Wi-Fi、电池)。点一下图标打开程序,长按右键能看更多选项。
🇬🇧 English
The Taskbar is the bar of favorite apps at the bottom of the screen. In Windows 11 it's centered by default. The far left has the Start menu (⊞), and the far right has the system tray (clock, Wi-Fi, battery). Click an icon to launch it; right-click for more options.
4. File Explorer — 文件资源管理器
🇨🇳 中文
文件资源管理器(File Explorer)是 Windows 里的
试试下面的 File Explorer! 点左边的文件夹切换。
🇬🇧 English
File Explorer is Windows's
Try File Explorer below! Click folders on the left to switch.
开机后看到的那个屏幕。
电脑里所有盘的总览 — C 盘、D 盘、U 盘、网络盘。
装文件的盒子。在资源管理器里右键 → 新建 → 文件夹。
.jpg, .mp3, .txt, .exe).一个文档 — 照片、歌、文字、视频。有名字和扩展名。
C:\Users\student\Documents\essay.docx. Note: Windows uses backslash \.文件的完整地址。Windows 用反斜杠
\。C: is your main disk. D:, E: may be other disks. USB: is rare; USB sticks usually become D: or E:.C 盘是主硬盘,D、E 盘是其他磁盘,U 盘插上去通常变成 D 或 E 盘。
5. Microsoft Store · Search · Settings · Snipping Tool
🇨🇳 中文
除了文件资源管理器,Windows 还有几个必学的功能:
🇬🇧 English
Besides File Explorer, Windows has a few more must-know tools:
微软官方商店 — 程序都查过,安全。免费和付费都有。从开始菜单或任务栏打开。
最快的打开方式。按 ⊞ 键或 ⊞+S,开始打字 — 程序、文件、设置、网页都能搜。
看见所有打开的窗口,还能建多个虚拟桌面。按 ⊞+Tab。
壁纸、Wi-Fi、声音、辅助功能、隐私、更新 — 都在这里。⊞+I 直达。
.txt). Sticky Notes: yellow Post-it notes on your desktop.记事本:简单的纯文本编辑器。便签:桌面上的黄色小贴纸。
⊞+⇧+S 框选截图,PrtScn 全屏截图。
6. Keyboard Shortcuts — 键盘快捷键 (Click to hear / 点听发音)
🇨🇳 中文
专业用户和新手最大的区别就是 — 用快捷键。Windows 用 Ctrl 键和 ⊞ Windows 键。点下面卡片听英文怎么说。
🇬🇧 English
The biggest difference between a beginner and a pro is shortcuts. Windows uses the Ctrl key and the ⊞ Windows key. Click any card to hear it spoken.
💡 Windows Key Decoder — Windows 按键速查
⊞ = Windows key (视窗键 = Mac 的 ⌘) · Ctrl = Control(控制 = Mac 的 ⌘ 大致对应) · Alt = Alt(Alternate = Mac 的 ⌥) · ⇧ = Shift · ⏎ = Enter(回车) · Esc = Escape · ⌫ = Backspace
7. PowerShell — 命令行 (Real Practice / 真的可以打)
🇨🇳 中文
PowerShell 是 Windows 的魔法棒 🪄。它让你不用鼠标,只用命令就能控制电脑。开始可能怕怕的 — 黑底(或蓝底)白字像电影里的黑客 — 但它非常强大。
Windows 自带 PowerShell — 在搜索栏打 "PowerShell" 或 "Windows Terminal" 就能打开。下面是个真的可以用的模拟终端,试试看!
🇬🇧 English
PowerShell is Windows's magic wand 🪄. It lets you control the computer using commands instead of a mouse. It can look scary at first — black or blue background, white text, very "hacker movie" — but it's incredibly powerful.
PowerShell comes with Windows — search "PowerShell" or "Windows Terminal" in the Start Menu. Below is a working terminal simulator you can practice with right now!
💡 PowerShell Aliases — PowerShell 别名
PowerShell's "real" commands look like Get-ChildItem or Set-Location. To make life easy, it provides aliases — short Linux/Mac-style names for the same commands:
PowerShell 真正的命令是 Get-ChildItem 这种动词-名词的形式,但它都有别名 — 短小的 Linux/Mac 风格名字:
| Alias / 别名 | Real command / 真正的命令 | What it does / 做什么 |
|---|---|---|
ls · dir | Get-ChildItem | List files / 列出文件 |
cd | Set-Location | Change folder / 切换文件夹 |
pwd | Get-Location | Show current folder / 显示当前位置 |
cat · type | Get-Content | Read file / 读文件 |
cp · copy | Copy-Item | Copy / 复制 |
mv · move | Move-Item | Move / 移动 |
rm · del | Remove-Item | Delete / 删除 |
mkdir · md | New-Item -ItemType Directory | Make folder / 新建文件夹 |
ni | New-Item | Make file / 新建文件 |
pwdGet-Location — shows where you are.显示你现在在哪个文件夹。
ls / dirGet-ChildItem — shows files in current folder.列出文件夹里的东西。
cdSet-Location. cd .. = up one level. cd ~ = home (your user folder).切换文件夹。
cd .. 回上一层,cd ~ 回主目录。mkdir / mdmkdir my-project creates a folder.新建文件夹。
niNew-Item. Creates an empty file. ni hello.txt. (Mac/Linux uses touch.)新建一个空文件。Mac/Linux 用
touch。rm / delRemove-Item. Deletes a file or folder. Files deleted in PowerShell do not go to the Recycle Bin — they're gone!删除文件或文件夹。在 PowerShell 删的不进回收站 — 直接没了!
cp / mvCopy-Item and Move-Item.复制和移动。
cat / typeGet-Content. Print the contents of a text file.显示文本文件的内容。
8. Installing Software via Command Line — 用命令行装软件
🇨🇳 中文
程序员装东西最快的方法是用包管理器(
Windows 自带的官方包管理器叫 winget(Windows Package Manager 的缩写)。它是免费、开源,由微软维护。Windows 10 (1809+) 和 Windows 11 都自带。
🇬🇧 English
The fastest way for developers to install things is with a package manager — one command and it's done.
Windows ships with the winget command (short for Windows Package Manager). It's free, open source, and maintained by Microsoft. Built into Windows 10 (1809+) and Windows 11.
Step 1: Check that winget works — 检查 winget 能用
Open PowerShell or Windows Terminal and type:
打开 PowerShell 或 Windows Terminal,输入:
⚠️ If winget is not found — 如果说找不到 winget
中文: 在 Microsoft Store 搜 "App Installer"(应用安装程序)安装它即可。Windows 11 应该已经有了。
English: Open Microsoft Store, search for "App Installer" and install it. Windows 11 already has it built in.
Step 2: Common winget Commands — 常用 winget 命令
winget install Python.Python.3.12装 Python(3.12 系列最新版)。
winget install Microsoft.VisualStudioCode装 VS Code 代码编辑器。
winget search node搜 winget 库里有没有这个软件。
winget list列出你电脑上所有装过的软件。
winget upgrade看看哪些软件有新版可以更新。
winget upgrade --all把所有软件升级到最新版,一次搞定。
winget uninstall Git.Git用 ID 卸载某个软件。
winget show Python.Python.3.12看软件的详细介绍、版本、发布者。
Step 3: A Real Setup — 一个真实的开发环境
Here's what a high schooler learning to code might install on Day 1:
下面是高中生第一天学编程可能会装的:
🍫 Bonus — 还有一个: Chocolatey
Another popular Windows package manager (community-made) is Chocolatey (choco). It has more apps than winget but isn't built in — you have to install it first. choco install python git nodejs vscode.
还有一个流行的(社区版)叫 Chocolatey。库比 winget 更多,但不是系统自带 — 要先装。
The Power of One Line — 一行命令的力量
Once you learn winget, you'll never download installers from random websites again. One command. Done. Safer too — Microsoft has checked the package.
学会 winget 之后,你就再也不用从乱七八糟的网站下载安装包了。一行命令,搞定。还更安全 — 微软都查过。
9. Quick Quiz — 小测验
ls command do in PowerShell?ls 命令做什么?ls is a PowerShell alias for Get-ChildItem — it shows files in the current folder. dir works too. / ls 是 PowerShell 给 Get-ChildItem 起的别名,dir 也行。winget install Python.Python.3.12 do?winget install Python.Python.3.12 做什么?winget install downloads and installs an app in one step from Microsoft's verified catalog. / winget 是 Windows 自带的包管理器 — 一行命令从微软的官方目录下载并安装。You did it! — 你做到了!
You now know Windows hardware, OS layers, the apps, the Taskbar, File Explorer, PowerShell, and how to install software like a developer with winget.
现在你已经懂了 Windows 的硬件、系统层次、常用程序、任务栏、文件资源管理器、PowerShell,还会用 winget 命令行装软件 — 真正像程序员一样。