Valeriana officinalis L. — Valerian
Valerian (Valerianaceae) — Rhizome, stolon, root. Main indications: anxiety, nervous sleeplessness, and tension symptoms (muscle cramps, indigestion). A valuable muscle relaxant and mild herbal sleep aid that promotes normal sleep without suppressing REM phases.
主要成分 (Constituents)
Essential oil (主要为 sesquiterpenes: bornyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, valerone, valerenic acid) valepotriates (valtrate, isovaltrate, acetoxyvalerenic acid) baldrinals (由分解引起 valepotriates 仅在干燥草药或提取物中发现)
适应症 (Indications)
Valerian 有多种特殊用途，主要适应症是 anxiety, nervous sleeplessness 和身体紧张等症状 muscle cramping 和 indigestion ใช้ได้อย่างปลอดภัยสำหรับทุกสถานการณ์ที่ความตึงเครียดและวิตกกังวลก่อปัญหา เป็นยาคลายกล้ามเนื้อที่มีคุณค่า ช่วยรักษากล้ามเนื้อเกร็ง uterine cramps 和 intestinal colic
作为助眠药 Valerian 促进 normal sleep 不抑制睡眠 REM phases 是必需的，镇静和松弛平滑肌的功效来自 valepotriates 和 sesquiterpenes 在挥发油中
注意事项 (Safety)
Commission E 和 ESCOP 没有药物相互作用的报告，可能增强镇静药的效力，在某些人中可能发生相反反应（paradoxical reaction) 刺激而不是镇静
药物制备和剂量(Preparations & Dosage)
必须使用足够的剂量才能有效 Tincture (1:5 in 60%) 最常用的形式，单次剂量 2.5-5 ml (½-1 茶匙) 最多可达 10 ml 每次 Infusion: 2汤匙干草药浸泡在1杯沸水中，在密闭容器中冲泡 Cold infusion: 一杯凉水和 2 茶匙的根，浸泡 8-10 小时 BHP: 酊剂 4-8 ml 每日3次 (1:8 in 60%) Commission E: 根 2-3 g 一杯茶
Verbascum thapsus L. — Mullein
Mullein (Scrophulariaceae) — Dried leaf, flower. Very beneficial respiratory remedy for toning mucous membranes. Specific for bronchitis with hard cough and soreness. Mullein flower oil (infused in olive oil) is excellent for ear problems.
主要成分 (Constituents)
Flavonoids (verbascoside, hesperidin) mucilage saponins tannins volatile oil
适应症 (Indications)
Mullein 是一种极佳的呼吸系统药物，适合滋养 mucous membranes 减少炎症，同时促进液体产生，帮助排出痰液，专为 bronchitis 具有强烈的干燥和疼痛感，外用 菊花油 Mullein 浸泡在橄榄油中有助于缓解问题 ear 得好
注意事项 (Safety)
没有不良反应或与其他药物的相互作用报告
药物制备和剂量(Preparations & Dosage)
Tincture 2.5-5 ml 每天 3 次 (1:5 in 40%) Infusion 一杯沸水与 2 茶匙干燥叶或花，浸泡 10-15 分钟 BHP: 4-8 g 干燥草药或 fluid extract 4-8 ml (1:1 in 25%)
Verbena officinalis L. — Vervain
Vervain (Verbenaceae) — Aerial parts. A gentle anxiolytic helpful for depression and melancholia, especially after debilitating illness. Also a hepatic remedy for jaundice and gallbladder inflammation. Useful as mouthwash for dental caries and gum disease.
主要成分 (Constituents)
Iridoids (verbenin, verbenalin, bastatoside) 挥发油 mucilage
适应症 (Indications)
Vervain 是药 anxiolytic 轻微缓解 depression 和 melancholia 尤其是在重病后，有助于症状 seizure 和 hysteria 是初期发热的止汗药，是肝脏滋补药 jaundice 和胆囊炎症，用作漱口水治疗蛀牙和牙龈炎
注意事项 (Safety)
没有不良反应或与其他药物的相互作用报告
药物制备和剂量(Preparations & Dosage)
Tincture 2.5-5 ml 每天 3 次 (1:5 in 40%) Infusion 一杯沸水与 1-3 茶匙干燥草药，浸泡 10-15 分钟 BHP: 2-4 g 干燥草药或酊剂 4-10 ml (1:5 in 45%)
Viburnum opulus L. — Cramp Bark
Cramp Bark (Caprifoliaceae) — Dried bark. Richly deserved reputation for relaxing muscular tension and spasm. Two primary uses: cramps of voluntary muscles and uterine muscle problems (dysmenorrhea, threatened miscarriage, menopausal bleeding).
主要成分 (Constituents)
Hydroquinones (arbutin, methylarbutin) coumarins (scopoletin, scopoline) tannins (主要为 catechins)
适应症 (Indications)
Cramp Bark 缓解 muscular tension 和痉挛症状，用于 dysmenorrhea 预防 threatened miscarriage 治疗月经过多和不规则出血，发生在 menopause
". . . relaxing and stimulating nervine, cerebrospinal vaso-stimulant. Restores sympathetic/parasympathetic balance — has a specific action to relieve voluntary and involuntary muscular spasms." — Priest and Priest
注意事项 (Safety)
没有不良反应或与其他药物的相互作用报告
药物制备和剂量(Preparations & Dosage)
Tincture 4-8 ml 每天 3 次 (1:5 in 40%) Decoction 2 茶匙干燥的树皮加入 1 杯水中，煮沸 10-15 分钟，热饮 BHP: 2-4 g 干燥草药或酊剂 5-10 ml (1:5 in 45%)
Viburnum prunifolium L. — Black Haw
Black Haw (Caprifoliaceae) — Dried bark. Closely related to Cramp Bark. A powerful uterine relaxant for dysmenorrhea, false labor pains, and threatened miscarriage. Also lowers blood pressure by relaxing peripheral blood vessels.
主要成分 (Constituents)
Coumarins (scopoletin, aesculetin) phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, salicin) biflavones (amentoflavone) triterpenes (α- 和 β-amyrin, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid)
适应症 (Indications)
Black Haw 作为解痉挛药 uterus 功效强大，有助于治疗 dysmenorrhea 和 false labor pains 包括预防流产。松弛肌肉与镇静神经的作用有助于降低由……引起的血压 hypertension 通过扩张末梢血管，平滑肌松弛作用适合 asthma
"That it has a decided affinity for the female reproductive organs is well established. . . . It is the most prompt drug in the materia medica to check abortion, provided the membranes have not ruptured." — King's American Dispensatory
注意事项 (Safety)
没有不良反应或与其他药物的相互作用报告
药物制备和剂量(Preparations & Dosage)
Tincture 5-10 ml 每天 3 次 (1:5 in 60%) Decoction 干皮 2 茶匙放入 1 杯水中，煮沸 10 分钟 BHP: 2.5-5 g 干燥草药或酊剂 5-10 ml (1:5 in 70%)
Vinca minor L. — Periwinkle
Periwinkle (Apocynaceae) — Aerial parts. An all-around astringent used internally and externally. Main application: excessive menstrual flow (menorrhagia) and bleeding between periods (metrorrhagia). Also for hematuria, colitis, diarrhea, nosebleed, and sore throat.
主要成分 (Constituents)
Indole alkaloids 和 tannins
适应症 (Indications)
主要用于 menorrhagia 和 metrorrhagia 帮助治疗 hematuria, 结肠炎，腹泻，鼻出血，牙龈出血，口腔溃疡和喉咙痛
注意事项 (Safety)
没有不良反应或与其他药物的相互作用报告
药物制备和剂量(Preparations & Dosage)
Tincture 1-2 ml 每天 3 次 (1:5 in 60%) Infusion 1 杯沸水与 1 茶匙干草药，浸泡 10-15 分钟
Viola odorata L. — Sweet Violet
Sweet Violet (Violaceae) — Leaf, flower. Long history as a cough remedy (bronchitis, upper respiratory catarrh). Also useful for skin conditions (eczema), urinary tract infections, and as part of long-term rheumatism treatment. Reputation as an "anticancer herb" — alterative role in holistic cancer approaches.
主要成分 (Constituents)
Phenolic glycosides (gaultherin, salicylic acid methyl ester) saponins (myrosin, violin) flavonoids (rutin, violarutin) odoratine (生物碱) mucilage
适应症 (Indications)
可用作止咳药 bronchitis 和上呼吸道痰液，有助于治疗皮肤炎症、尿路感染和长期关节炎，以...而闻名 "抗癌草药" — 作为 alterative 在整体治疗中发挥作用
注意事项 (Safety)
没有不良反应或与其他药物的相互作用报告
药物制备和剂量(Preparations & Dosage)
Tincture 1-2 ml 每天 3 次 (1:5 in 40%) Infusion 1 杯沸水与 1 茶匙草药浸泡 10-15 分钟
Viola tricolor L. — Heartsease
Heartsease (Violaceae) — Aerial parts. Especially valued for skin diseases: eczema, psoriasis, acne, cradle cap in babies. Contains rutin (anti-inflammatory, prevents bruising and edema) and salicylates. Also useful for bronchitis, whooping cough, and cystitis.
主要成分 (Constituents)
Flavonoids (violanthin, rutin, violaquercitrin) methylsalicylate mucilage, 树脂, saponins
适应症 (Indications)
Heartsease 对...具有很高的价值 skin diseases 内外均可使用，有助于治疗 eczema, psoriasis, acne 和 cradle cap 在胎儿中 salicylates 和 rutin 具有抗炎作用 saponins 帮助排出痰液 mucilage 舒缓胸部，用于治疗支气管炎、百日咳和 cystitis rutin 高剂量有助于预防瘀伤，毛细血管破裂和) edema 可能有助于预防 atherosclerosis 作为温和的泻药
注意事项 (Safety)
没有不良反应或与其他药物的相互作用报告
药物制备和剂量(Preparations & Dosage)
Tincture 1-2 ml 每天 3 次 (1:5 in 40%) Infusion 1 杯沸水与 1 茶匙干草药，浸泡 10-15 分钟 Commission E: 1.5 g 草药/茶 1 杯，每日 3 次
Vitex agnus-castus L. — Vitex (Chaste Tree)
Vitex / Chasteberry / Monk's Pepper (Verbenaceae) — Fruit (berry). Stimulates and normalizes pituitary gland function, especially progesterone levels. An amphoteric remedy — produces normalizing effects regardless of imbalance direction. Primary use: PMS, dysmenorrhea, menopause, and post-contraceptive cycle regulation.
主要成分 (Constituents)
Iridoid glycosides (aucubin, agnuside) labdane diterpenes (rotundifuran, vitexilactone) flavonoids (casticin, vitexin, isovitexin, kaempferol) essential oil 0.4-0.7% (bornyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, limonene, pinene)
适应症 (Indications)
Vitex 刺激和 normalizing pituitary function 尤其在 progesterone 是药 amphoteric — 可以产生看似相反的效果，但实际上是调整平衡，通过 dopaminergic mechanism 在前脑垂体，减少释放 prolactin 促进发展 corpus luteum 和纠正缺乏 progesterone
用于 premenstrual syndrome (PMS), dysmenorrhea, วัยหมดประจำเดือน และช่วยร่างกายปรับสมดุลหลังหยุดยาคุมกำเนิด ผลดีอาจเห็นได้ตั้งแต่รอบเดือนที่ 2 แต่การดีขึ้นถาวรอาจใช้เวลาถึง 1 ปี ช่วยรักษาสิวในวัยรุ่น ทั้งหญิงและชาย ช่วยควบคุม ovulatory cycle 对于想要怀孕的女性，具有作用 galactagogue
注意事项 (Safety)
Commission E 尚无药物相互作用的报告。理论上存在可能干扰……的可能 dopamine antagonists
药物制备和剂量(Preparations & Dosage)
Tincture 2.5 ml 每天 3 次 (1:5 in 60%) Infusion 一杯热水与 1 茶匙的果实，浸泡 10-15 分钟 Commission E: 水-酒精提取物相当于30-40份草药 mg/天或标准化的果实提取物 175 mg/天 (20:1, 有 agnuside 0.5%) 使用后 3-6 周可见效果，大多数情况下持续使用 3-6 个月
Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. — Prickly Ash
Prickly Ash (Rutaceae) — Bark, berry. A circulatory stimulant similar to Cayenne but slower-acting. Appropriate for chronic problems: rheumatism, skin diseases. Excellent tonic and alterative for convalescence and the elderly. Specific for poor circulation.
主要成分 (Constituents)
Alkaloids coumarins 树脂 tannins volatile oil
适应症 (Indications)
Prickly Ash 用法类似于辣椒 Cayenne 但起效较慢，适合慢性问题，例如 rheumatism 和皮肤病，具有刺激作用 lymphatic system 血液循环和粘膜在整体治疗中起作用，症状 poor circulation 所有都需要 Prickly Ash: chilblains, 小腿抽筋, 静脉曲张 和 痔疮
". . . positive diffusive stimulant — induces free arterial/capillary circulation, restores vascular tone. It is a general stimulant for relaxed and feeble conditions and atonic digestive states. An excellent tonic and alterative for convalescence and the elderly." — Priest and Priest
注意事项 (Safety)
理论上不应用于服用药物的患者 anticoagulant
药物制备和剂量(Preparations & Dosage)
Tincture 2-4 ml 每天 3 次 (1:5 in 60%) Infusion 一杯沸水与 1-2 茶匙草药，浸泡 10-15 分钟 BHP: 树皮 1-2 g 或酊剂 2-5 ml (1:5 in 45%)
Zea mays L. — Cornsilk
Cornsilk (Poaceae) — Stigma from female flower (fine threads 4-8 inches long). A soothing diuretic for any irritation of the urinary system. Used for renal problems in children. Beneficial for cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis.
主要成分 (Constituents)
Saponins allantoin sterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol) hordenine (生物碱) 维生素 C 和 K, cryptoxanthin, anthocyanins, 植物酸
适应症 (Indications)
Cornsilk 是一种温和的利尿药用于 urinary irritation 所有种类，用于儿童肾脏问题，与其他草药混合，用于温和的药物 cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis Ellingwood 推荐用于肾结石、膀胱刺激和 edema 来自心脏病
注意事项 (Safety)
没有不良反应或与其他药物的相互作用报告
药物制备和剂量(Preparations & Dosage)
Tincture 5-10 ml 每天 3 次 (1:5 in 25%) Infusion 一杯沸水与 2-4 茶匙干燥草药，浸泡 10-15 分钟 BHC: 2-8 g 干燥草药、酊剂 5-15 ml (1:5 in 25%) 或者 fluid extract 4-8 ml (1:1 in 25%)
Zingiber officinale Roscoe — Ginger
Ginger (Zingiberaceae) — Rhizome. Best-known as a treatment for motion sickness (well-documented in research). Stimulates peripheral circulation. Aromatic carminative and appetite stimulant. Anti-inflammatory via dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase.
主要成分 (Constituents)
Volatile oil 1-3% (主要为 sesquiterpenes: zingiberene, β-bisabolene) oleoresin 4-10% (包含 gingerols, gingerdiols, shogaols) lipids 6-8%
适应症 (Indications)
最著名的用途是治疗 motion sickness 有研究支持，刺激 peripheral circulation 有助于治疗血液循环不良、冻疮和抽筋，在发热时有帮助 promoting perspiration 用作漱口水缓解喉咙痛，外敷治疗 fibrositis 和肌肉扭伤
是一种芳香的驱风药，刺激食欲，具有作用 antioxidant 和 antimicrobial 研究表明 Ginger anti-inflammatory 在类风湿性关节炎中，抑制 cyclooxygenase 和 lipoxygenase 和抑制 prostaglandins
注意事项 (Safety)
可能影响 bleeding times 由于抑制 thromboxane synthase 但临床研究未发现与安慰剂大剂量 (12-14 g) 可能增强药物的效力 anticoagulant Commission E 推荐不应用于治疗过敏在怀孕期间，即使有悠久的传统，中医建议不超过2 g 怀孕期间每天食用干燥姜
药物制备和剂量(Preparations & Dosage)
Tincture 1.5-5 ml 每天 3 次 (1:5 in 40%) Infusion 一杯沸水与 1 茶匙新鲜根，浸泡 5 分钟，按需饮用 Fluid extract 0.25-1 ml 每日3次 (1:1 in 40%)
第26章的重要术语
- Wren RC. Potter's New Cyclopedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, 8th ed., revised by Williamson EM and Evans FJ. Essex, UK: C. W. Daniel Co., 1988.
- Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Paris: Lavoisier Publishing, 1995.
- Bisset, ed. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994.
- Newall C, Anderson L, Phillipson J. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.
- Blumenthal M, et al. The ABC Clinical Guide to Herbs. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council, 2003.
- Mills S, Bone K. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.
- Priest AW, Priest LR. Herbal Medication: A Clinical and Dispensary Handbook. London: L.N. Fowler, 1982.
- Ellingwood F. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy. Portland, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1919.
- Felter HW, Lloyd JU. King's American Dispensatory, 18th ed. Cincinnati: Ohio Valley Company, 1898.
- British Herbal Pharmacopoeia (BHP). Bournemouth: British Herbal Medicine Association, 1983.
- Blumenthal M, et al., eds. The Complete German Commission E Monographs. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council, 1998.
- Blumenthal M, et al. Herbal Medicine, Expanded Commission E Monographs. Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 2000.
注意：每个草药条目的特定参考编号（如 213-266）指的是原稿中指定的其他文件(Hoffmann, Medical Herbalism, 2003)